Tech Stuff : Network Protocol

Network protocol


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Network protocol




A protocol means the rules that are applicable for a network.

It defines the standardized format for data packets, techniques for detecting and correcting errors and so on.

A protocol is a formal description of message formats and the rules that two or more machines must follow to exchange those messages.

E.g. using library books.


Types of protocols are:


1. HTTP

2. FTP

3. TCP/IP

4. SLIP/PPP


# HTTP




Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is a communications protocol for the transfer of information on the intranet and the World Wide Web. HTTP is a request/response standard between a client and a server. A client is the end-user; the server is the web site.

# FTP




FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is the simplest and most secure way to exchange files over the Internet. The objectives of FTP are:

- To promote sharing of files (computer programs and/or data).

- To encourage indirect or implicit use of remote computers.

- To shield a user from variations in file storage systems among different hosts.

- To transfer data reliably, and efficiently.


TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).


# TCP




TCP is responsible for verifying the correct delivery of data from client to server. Data can be lost in the intermediate network. TCP adds support to detect errors or lost data and to trigger retransmission until the data is correctly and completely received.

# IP




IP is responsible for moving packet of data from node to node. IP forwards each packet based on a four byte destination address (the IP number). The Internet authorities assign ranges of numbers to different organizations. The organizations assign groups of their numbers to departments. IP operates on gateway machines that move data from department to organization to region and then around the world.

# Telnet




Telnet is an older internet utility that lets us log on to remote computer system. It also facilitates for terminal emulation purpose. Terminal emulation means using a pc like a mainframe computer through networking.


Wireless/Mobile Computing




Wireless communication is simply data communication without the use of landlines. Mobile computing means that the computing device is not continuously connected to the base or central network.

#GSM(Global System for Mobile communication)




It is leading digital cellular system. In covered areas, cell phone users can buy one phone that will work any where the standard is supported. It uses narrowband TDMA, which allows eight simultaneous calls on the same radio frequency.

#CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access)




It is a digital cellular technology that uses spreadspectrum techniques. CDMA does not assign a specific frequency to each user. Instead ,every channel uses the full available spectrum.

#WLL(Wireless in Local Loop)




WLL is a system that connects subscribers to the public switched telephone network using radio signals as a substitute for other connecting media.

#Email(Electronic Mail)




Email is sending and receiving messages by computer.

#Chat




Online textual talk in real time , is called Chatting.

#Video Conferencing




A two way videophone conversation among multiple participants is called video conferencing.

#SMS(Short Message Service)




SMS is the transmission of short text messages to and from a mobile pone, fax machine and or IP address.

#3G and EDGE




3G is a specification for the third generation of mobile communication of mobile communication technology. 3G promises increased bandwidth, up to 384 Kbps when a device is stationary. EDGE(Enhanced Data rates for Global Evolution) is a radio based high speed mobile data standard.



Network Security Concepts




Viruses:

Viruses are programs which replicate and attach to other programs in order to corrupt the executable codes. Virus enters the computer system through an external source and become destructive.

Worms

Worms are also self- replicating programs that do not create multiple copies of itself on one computer but propagate through the computer network. Worms log on to computer systems using the username and passwords and exploit the system.

Trojan horse

Though it is a useful program, however, a cracker can use it to intrude the computer system in order to exploit the resources. Such a program can also enter into the computer through an email or free programs downloaded through the Internet.

Spams

Unwanted e-mail (usually of a commercial nature sent out in bulk).

Cookies

Cookies are the text messages sent by a web server to the web browser primarily for identifying the user.

Firewall

A firewall is used to control the traffic between computer networks. It intercepts the packets between the computer networks and allows only authorized packets to pass.

Cyber Law

Cyber law refers to all the legal and regulatory aspects of Internet and the World Wide Web.

Cyber Crimes

Cyber crime involves the usage of the computer system and the computer network for criminal activity.

Hacking

Hacking is an unauthorized access to computer in order to exploit the resources.




Web Services



WWW

The World Wide Web or W3 or simply the Web is a collection of linked documents or pages, stored on millions of computers and distributed across the Internet.

HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language)

HTML is a computer language that describes the structure and behavior of a web page. This language is used to create web pages.

XML (eXtensible Markup Language)

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a meta language that helps to describe the markup language.

HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol)

A protocol to transfer hypertext requests and information between servers and browsers.

Domain Names

A domain name is a unique name that identifies a particular website and represents the name of the server where the web pages reside.

URL

The Uniform Resource Locator is a means to locate resources such as web pages on the Internet. URL is also a method to address the web pages on the Internet. There are two types of URL, namely, absolute URL and relative URL.

Website

A collection of related web pages stored on a web server is known as a website.

Web browser

A software application that enables to browse, search and collect information from the Web is known as Web browser.

Web Servers

The web pages on the Internet are stored on the computers that are connected to the Internet. These computers are known as web servers.

Web Hosting

Web Hosting or website hosting is the service to host, store and maintain the websites on the World Wide Web.

Web Scripting

The process of creating and embedding scripts in a web page is known as Web Scripting. Types of Scripts:-
1. Client Side Scripts :- Client side scripts supports interaction within a webpage. E.g. VB Script, Java Script, PHP (PHP"S Hypertext Preprocessor).

2. Server Side Scripts :- Server side scripting supports execution at server – end. E.g. ASP, JSP, PHP.




OPEN SOURCE TERMINOLOGIES

Free Software: The S/W’s is freely accessible and can be freely used changed improved copied and distributed by all and payments are needed to make for free S/W.

Open Source Software: S/w whose source code is available to the customer and it can be modified and redistributed without any limitation .OSS may come free of cost but nominal charges has to pay nominal charges (Support of S/W and development of S/W).

FLOSS (Free Libre and Open Source Software) : S/w which is free as well as open source S/W. ( Free S/W + Open Source S/W).

GNU (GNU’s Not Unix) : GNU project emphasize on the freedom and its objective is to create a system compatible to UNIX but not identical with it.

FSF (Free Software Foundation) : FSF is a non –profit organization created for the purpose of the free s/w movement. Organization funded many s/w developers to write free software.

OSI (Open Source Initiative) : Open source software organization dedicated to cause of promoting open source software it specified the criteria of OSS and its source code is not freely available.

W3C(World Wide Web Consortium) : W3C is responsible for producing the software standards for World Wide Web.

Proprietary Software: Proprietary Software is the s/w that is neither open nor freely available, normally the source code of the Proprietary Software is not available but further distribution and modification is possible by special permission by the supplier.

Freeware: Freeware are the software freely available , which permit redistribution but not modification (and their source code is not available). Freeware is distributed in Binary Form (ready to run) without any licensing fees.

Shareware: Software for which license fee is payable after some time limit, its source code is not available and modification to the software are not allowed.

Localization: localization refers to the adaptation of language, content and design to reflect local cultural sensitivities .e.g. Software Localization: where messages that a program presents to the user need to be translated into various languages.

Internationalization: Opposite of localization.



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